Fine tuning - Apr 5, 2019 · Fine-tuning doesn't need to imply a fine-tuner, but rather that there was a physical mechanism underlying why something appears finely-tuned today. The effect may look like an unlikely coincidence ...

 
verb ˈfīn-ˈtün fine-tuned; fine-tuning; fine-tunes Synonyms of fine-tune transitive verb 1 a : to adjust precisely so as to bring to the highest level of performance or effectiveness fine-tune a TV set fine-tune the format b : to improve through minor alteration or revision fine-tune the temperature of the room 2. Whatpercent27s included amazon prime

Part #3: Fine-tuning with Keras and Deep Learning (today’s post) I would strongly encourage you to read the previous two tutorials in the series if you haven’t yet — understanding the concept of transfer learning, including performing feature extraction via a pre-trained CNN, will better enable you to understand (and appreciate) fine-tuning.Overview. Although many settings within the SAP solution are predefined to allow business processes to run out-of-the-box, fine-tuning must be performed to further adjust the system settings to support specific business requirements. The activity list provides the list of activities that must be performed based on the defined scope.This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt. Feb 24, 2021 · Fine-tuning a pre-trained language model (LM) has become the de facto standard for doing transfer learning in natural language processing. Over the last three years (Ruder, 2018), fine-tuning (Howard & Ruder, 2018) has superseded the use of feature extraction of pre-trained embeddings (Peters et al., 2018) while pre-trained language models are favoured over models trained on translation ... Research on fine tuning involves investigating what ingredients are actually necessary for life to evolve. For example, one claim is that the masses of subatomic particles are precisely tuned to allow atoms to remain stable — an essential condition for the chemistry of life. Physicists have also discovered evidence of fine tuning to some ...Apr 27, 2020 · In this tutorial you learned how to fine-tune ResNet with Keras and TensorFlow. Fine-tuning is the process of: Taking a pre-trained deep neural network (in this case, ResNet) Removing the fully-connected layer head from the network. Placing a new, freshly initialized layer head on top of the body of the network. This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt.Steven Heidel. Fine-tuning for GPT-3.5 Turbo is now available, with fine-tuning for GPT-4 coming this fall. This update gives developers the ability to customize models that perform better for their use cases and run these custom models at scale. Early tests have shown a fine-tuned version of GPT-3.5 Turbo can match, or even outperform, base ...Feb 14, 2023 · Fine-tuning CLIP. To improve CLIP’s performance on the extraction of product features, we fine-tuned CLIP for the domain of product images. In order to fine-tune CLIP, multiple tests were done ... Training Overview ¶. Training Overview. Each task is unique, and having sentence / text embeddings tuned for that specific task greatly improves the performance. SentenceTransformers was designed in such way that fine-tuning your own sentence / text embeddings models is easy. It provides most of the building blocks that you can stick together ...GitHub - bwconrad/vit-finetune: Fine-tuning Vision ...This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt.Fine-Tuning: Unfreeze a few of the top layers of a frozen model base and jointly train both the newly-added classifier layers and the last layers of the base model. This allows us to "fine-tune" the higher-order feature representations in the base model in order to make them more relevant for the specific task.Apr 27, 2020 · In this tutorial you learned how to fine-tune ResNet with Keras and TensorFlow. Fine-tuning is the process of: Taking a pre-trained deep neural network (in this case, ResNet) Removing the fully-connected layer head from the network. Placing a new, freshly initialized layer head on top of the body of the network. Jan 31, 2021 · Fine-Tune for Any Language. With NERDAyou can also fine-tune a transformer for any language e.g. using your own data set with ease. To fine-tune a transformer for NER in Danish, we can utilize the DaNE data set consisting of Danish sentences with NER annotations. All you would have to change in the former code example to achieve this is simply: fine-tune definition: 1. to make very small changes to something in order to make it work as well as possible: 2. to…. Learn more.This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt. When the fine-tune job succeeds, the value of the fine_tuned_model variable in the response body of the FineTune.retrieve() method is set to the name of your customized model. Your model is now also available for discovery from the list Models API. However, you can't issue completion calls to your customized model until your customized model is ...Fine tuning is a metaphor derived from music and mechanics that is used to describe apparently improbable combinations of attributes governing physical systems. The term is commonly applied to the idea that our universe’s fundamental physical constants are uniquely and inexplicably suited to the evolution of intelligent life. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument A Scientific Argument for the Existence of God Robin Collins September 1, 1998 Intelligent Design I. Introduction The Evidence of Fine-tuning 1. Suppose we went on a mission to Mars, and found a domed structure in which everything was set up just right for life to exist.Sep 25, 2015 · September 25, 2015. The appearance of fine-tuning in our universe has been observed by theists and atheists alike. Even physicist Paul Davies (who is agnostic when it comes to the notion of a Divine Designer) readily stipulates, “Everyone agrees that the universe looks as if it was designed for life.”. Oxford philosopher John Leslie agrees ... Fine-tuning is an easy concept to understand in principle. Imagine that I asked to you pick a number between 1 and 1,000,000. You could choose anything you want, so go ahead, do it.Mar 2, 2018 · 32. Finetuning means taking weights of a trained neural network and use it as initialization for a new model being trained on data from the same domain (often e.g. images). It is used to: speed up the training. overcome small dataset size. There are various strategies, such as training the whole initialized network or "freezing" some of the pre ... Authors Jacob Devlin et al write that fine-tuning BERT is “straightforward”, simply by adding one additional layer after the final BERT layer and training the entire network for just a few epochs. The authors demonstrate strong performance on the standard NLP benchmark problems GLUE, SQuAD, and SWAG, which probe for different aspects of ...fine-tuned: [adjective] precisely adjusted for the highest level of performance, efficiency, or effectiveness.The meaning of FINE-TUNE is to adjust precisely so as to bring to the highest level of performance or effectiveness. How to use fine-tune in a sentence.This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt. fine-tune in American English. (ˈfaɪnˈtun ; ˈfaɪnˈtjun ) verb transitive Word forms: ˈfine-ˈtuned or ˈfine-ˈtuning. 1. to adjust a control on (a TV or radio set) for better reception. 2. to adjust (a device, system, policy, etc.) for greater effectiveness. Webster’s New World College Dictionary, 4th Edition.This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt. Feb 14, 2023 · Fine-tuning CLIP. To improve CLIP’s performance on the extraction of product features, we fine-tuned CLIP for the domain of product images. In order to fine-tune CLIP, multiple tests were done ... In this article, we will be fine tuning the YOLOv7 object detection model on a real-world pothole detection dataset. Benchmarked on the COCO dataset, the YOLOv7 tiny model achieves more than 35% mAP and the YOLOv7 (normal) model achieves more than 51% mAP. It is also equally important that we get good results when fine tuning such a state-of ...This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt.fine-tuned: [adjective] precisely adjusted for the highest level of performance, efficiency, or effectiveness. persuaded by additional examples of fine-tuning. In addition to initial conditions, there are a number of other, well-known features about the universe that are apparently just brute facts. And these too exhibit a high degree of fine-tuning. Among the fine-tuned (apparently) “brute facts” of nature are the following:Nov 15, 2022 · This tutorial focuses on how to fine-tune Stable Diffusion using another method called Dreambooth. Unlike textual inversion method which train just the embedding without modification to the base model, Dreambooth fine-tune the whole text-to-image model such that it learns to bind a unique identifier with a specific concept (object or style). As ... This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt. Fine-tuning doesn't need to imply a fine-tuner, but rather that there was a physical mechanism underlying why something appears finely-tuned today. The effect may look like an unlikely coincidence ...When the fine-tune job succeeds, the value of the fine_tuned_model variable in the response body of the FineTune.retrieve() method is set to the name of your customized model. Your model is now also available for discovery from the list Models API. However, you can't issue completion calls to your customized model until your customized model is ...Meanwhile, the fine-tuning is just as easily explained by postulating God, and we have independent evidence for God’s existence, like the origin of biological information, the sudden appearance of animal body plans, the argument from consciousness, and so on. Even if the naturalists could explain the fine-tuning, they would still have a lot ...fine-tuning(ファインチューニング)とは、機械学習モデルを特定のタスクやデータセットに対してより適切に動作させるために、既存の学習済みモデルを少し調整するプロセスです。. 機械学習の分野では、大規模なデータセットで事前に訓練されたモデル ...The key takeaways are: Prompting and fine-tuning can both be used to condition language models. Prompting is quite restricted in the kinds of conditionals it can achieve. Fine-tuning can implement arbitrary conditionals in principle, though not in practice. In practice fine-tuning can still implement more kinds of conditionals than prompting.Fine-Tuning: Unfreeze a few of the top layers of a frozen model base and jointly train both the newly-added classifier layers and the last layers of the base model. This allows us to "fine-tune" the higher-order feature representations in the base model in order to make them more relevant for the specific task.Feb 14, 2023 · Fine-tuning CLIP. To improve CLIP’s performance on the extraction of product features, we fine-tuned CLIP for the domain of product images. In order to fine-tune CLIP, multiple tests were done ... September 25, 2015. The appearance of fine-tuning in our universe has been observed by theists and atheists alike. Even physicist Paul Davies (who is agnostic when it comes to the notion of a Divine Designer) readily stipulates, “Everyone agrees that the universe looks as if it was designed for life.”. Oxford philosopher John Leslie agrees ...berkecanrizai commented on Apr 20. Model. RAM. lambada (ppl) lambada (acc) hellaswag (acc_norm) winogrande (acc)This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt.Fine-tuning MobileNet on a custom data set with TensorFlow's Keras API. In this episode, we'll be building on what we've learned about MobileNet combined with the techniques we've used for fine-tuning to fine-tune MobileNet for a custom image data set. When we previously demonstrated the idea of fine-tuning in earlier episodes, we used the cat ...This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt.The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "fine tune", 4 letters crossword clue. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Enter a Crossword Clue.Feb 14, 2023 · Set Up Summary. I fine-tuned the base davinci model for many different n_epochs values, and, for those who want to know the bottom line and not read the entire tutorial and examples, the “bottom line” is that if you set your n_epochs value high enough (and your JSONL data is properly formatted), you can get great results fine-tuning even with a single-line JSONL file! 3. You can now start fine-tuning the model with the following command: accelerate launch scripts/finetune.py EvolCodeLlama-7b.yaml. If everything is configured correctly, you should be able to train the model in a little more than one hour (it took me 1h 11m 44s).This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt. This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt.The meaning of FINE-TUNE is to adjust precisely so as to bring to the highest level of performance or effectiveness. How to use fine-tune in a sentence.If you provide this file, the data is used to generate validation metrics periodically during fine-tuning. These metrics can be viewed in the fine-tuning results file. The same data should not be present in both train and validation files. Your dataset must be formatted as a JSONL file. You must upload your file with the purpose fine-tune.The cost of fine-tuning a model is 50% of the cost of the model being fine-tuned. The current fine-tuning rates for GPT-3 models vary based on the specific model being fine-tuned, similar to the ...Sep 1, 1998 · To further develop the core version of the fine-tuning argument, we will summarize the argument by explicitly listing its two premises and its conclusion: Premise 1. The existence of the fine-tuning is not improbable under theism. Premise 2. The existence of the fine-tuning is very improbable under the atheistic single-universe hypothesis. Fine tuning is a process of adjusting the neural network weights to better fit the training data. This can be done by increasing or decreasing the learning rate, or by changing the network architecture. Fine tuning is often used to improve the performance of a neural network on a specific task or dataset.History. In 1913, the chemist Lawrence Joseph Henderson wrote The Fitness of the Environment, one of the first books to explore fine tuning in the universe. Henderson discusses the importance of water and the environment to living things, pointing out that life depends entirely on Earth's very specific environmental conditions, especially the prevalence and properties of water.This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt.Finetuning synonyms, Finetuning pronunciation, Finetuning translation, English dictionary definition of Finetuning. tr.v. fine-tuned , fine-tun·ing , fine-tunes To make small adjustments in for optimal performance or effectiveness: fine-tuned her investing strategy to...This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt.This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt.fine-tuning meaning: 1. present participle of fine-tune 2. to make very small changes to something in order to make it…. Learn more. This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt.The fine-tuning argument is a modern, up-to-date version of this argument. It takes off from something that serious physicists, religious or not, tend to agree on. Here’s how Freeman Dyson put it: "There are many . . . lucky accidents in physics. Without such accidents, water could not exist as liquid, chains of carbon atoms could not form ...List of Fine-Tuning Parameters. Jay W. Richards. January 14, 2015. Intelligent Design, Research & Analysis. Download PDF. “Fine-tuning” refers to various features of the universe that are necessary conditions for the existence of complex life. Such features include the initial conditions and “brute facts” of the universe as a whole, the ...Feb 11, 2023 · ChatGPT Fine-tuning은 특정 작업이나 도메인에 특화된 추가 학습 데이터를 사용하여 사전 학습된 언어 모델의 매개 변수를 업데이트하는 프로세스를 말합니다. ChatGPT는 웹 페이지, 책, 기타 문서 등 방대한 양의 일반 텍스트 데이터로 학습하여 언어의 패턴과 구조를 ... Fine-tuning doesn't need to imply a fine-tuner, but rather that there was a physical mechanism underlying why something appears finely-tuned today. The effect may look like an unlikely coincidence ...This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt.This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt. This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt. fine-tuning(ファインチューニング)とは、機械学習モデルを特定のタスクやデータセットに対してより適切に動作させるために、既存の学習済みモデルを少し調整するプロセスです。. 機械学習の分野では、大規模なデータセットで事前に訓練されたモデル ...The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "fine tune", 4 letters crossword clue. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Enter a Crossword Clue.This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt.Training Overview ¶. Training Overview. Each task is unique, and having sentence / text embeddings tuned for that specific task greatly improves the performance. SentenceTransformers was designed in such way that fine-tuning your own sentence / text embeddings models is easy. It provides most of the building blocks that you can stick together ...Fine-Tune for Any Language. With NERDAyou can also fine-tune a transformer for any language e.g. using your own data set with ease. To fine-tune a transformer for NER in Danish, we can utilize the DaNE data set consisting of Danish sentences with NER annotations. All you would have to change in the former code example to achieve this is simply:This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt. The cost of fine-tuning a model is 50% of the cost of the model being fine-tuned. The current fine-tuning rates for GPT-3 models vary based on the specific model being fine-tuned, similar to the ...This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt. Fine tuning is a process of adjusting the neural network weights to better fit the training data. This can be done by increasing or decreasing the learning rate, or by changing the network architecture. Fine tuning is often used to improve the performance of a neural network on a specific task or dataset.

I have never fine-tuned any NLP model, let alone an LLM. Therefore, I had to find a simple way to get started without first obtaining a Ph.D. in machine learning. Luckily, I stumbled upon H2O’s LLM Studio tool, released just a couple of days ago, which provides a graphical interface for fine-tuning LLM models.. Flxe52rbs8 specifications

fine tuning

Find 6 ways to say FINE-TUNE, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt.Background: Parameter-efficient Fine tuning With standard fine-tuning, we need to make a new copy of the model for each task. In the extreme case of a different model per user, we could never store 1000 different full models. If we fine tuned a subset of the parameters for each task, we could alleviate storage costs. This isLet’s see how we can do this on the fly during fine-tuning using a special data collator. Fine-tuning DistilBERT with the Trainer API Fine-tuning a masked language model is almost identical to fine-tuning a sequence classification model, like we did in Chapter 3. The only difference is that we need a special data collator that can randomly ... Research on fine tuning involves investigating what ingredients are actually necessary for life to evolve. For example, one claim is that the masses of subatomic particles are precisely tuned to allow atoms to remain stable — an essential condition for the chemistry of life. Physicists have also discovered evidence of fine tuning to some ...Tip #1: Evaluate often. The standard machine learning workflow amounts to training a certain number of models on training data, picking the preferred model on a validation set and evaluating its final performance on a test set. G iven this workflow, training more models naturally leads to higher expected performance of the best model and ...Aug 22, 2017 · Fine-Tuning. First published Tue Aug 22, 2017; substantive revision Fri Nov 12, 2021. The term “ fine-tuning ” is used to characterize sensitive dependences of facts or properties on the values of certain parameters. Technological devices are paradigmatic examples of fine-tuning. Find 6 ways to say FINE-TUNE, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. Fine tuning is a process of adjusting the neural network weights to better fit the training data. This can be done by increasing or decreasing the learning rate, or by changing the network architecture. Fine tuning is often used to improve the performance of a neural network on a specific task or dataset.Feb 14, 2023 · Set Up Summary. I fine-tuned the base davinci model for many different n_epochs values, and, for those who want to know the bottom line and not read the entire tutorial and examples, the “bottom line” is that if you set your n_epochs value high enough (and your JSONL data is properly formatted), you can get great results fine-tuning even with a single-line JSONL file! This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt.This webinar is about Fine tuning Chat GPT-3 for specific industries (and several use cases). Chat GPT-3 is a deep learning model developed by OpenAI that can generate text for tasks such as summarization and question answering. The model can be fine-tuned to improve accuracy and performance by training on specific data sets.When the fine-tune job succeeds, the value of the fine_tuned_model variable in the response body of the FineTune.retrieve() method is set to the name of your customized model. Your model is now also available for discovery from the list Models API. However, you can't issue completion calls to your customized model until your customized model is ...This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt.This guide is intended for users of the new OpenAI fine-tuning API. If you are a legacy fine-tuning user, please refer to our legacy fine-tuning guide. Fine-tuning lets you get more out of the models available through the API by providing: Higher quality results than prompting. Ability to train on more examples than can fit in a prompt. Steven Heidel. Fine-tuning for GPT-3.5 Turbo is now available, with fine-tuning for GPT-4 coming this fall. This update gives developers the ability to customize models that perform better for their use cases and run these custom models at scale. Early tests have shown a fine-tuned version of GPT-3.5 Turbo can match, or even outperform, base ...Jan 14, 2015 · List of Fine-Tuning Parameters. Jay W. Richards. January 14, 2015. Intelligent Design, Research & Analysis. Download PDF. “Fine-tuning” refers to various features of the universe that are necessary conditions for the existence of complex life. Such features include the initial conditions and “brute facts” of the universe as a whole, the ... .

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